時間:2023-03-17 17:57:55
導語:在英語本科論文的撰寫旅程中,學習并吸收他人佳作的精髓是一條寶貴的路徑,好期刊匯集了九篇優(yōu)秀范文,愿這些內容能夠啟發(fā)您的創(chuàng)作靈感,引領您探索更多的創(chuàng)作可能。
關鍵詞 英語專業(yè) 畢業(yè)論文 創(chuàng)新
中圖分類號:G64 文獻標識碼:A
A Tentative Study of the Dissertation Innovation of English Undergraduate
PAN Qinfen
(College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023)
AbstractThe current situation of the English undergraduate dissertation is not so satisfying. The main problems include the lack of innovation in choosing the topic and the related materials, the lack of logic in organizing the structure, the lack of fluency in using the language and the inconsistence of the format. This paper mainly discusses the possibility of dissertation innovation of the English undergraduate from the viewpoint, material, and the form and suggests that the innovation ability of the English undergraduate be developed through the cooperative work of the authorities, the teachers, the student staff as well as the students.
Key wordsEnglish major students; dissertation; innovation
畢業(yè)論文寫作是英語專業(yè)培養(yǎng)計劃中必不可少的實踐環(huán)節(jié),也是《中華人民共和國學位條例》規(guī)定的大學本科教育的必要環(huán)節(jié),可以考察學生的綜合能力,評估其學業(yè)成績,其主體實踐者是學生。從論文的選題,可以考察學生在專業(yè)知識領域的創(chuàng)新能力,從論文的結構,可以考察學生的邏輯思維能力,從論文的寫作,可以考察學生的基本語言能力。畢業(yè)論文也是考察教師教學成敗的有效手段,是最為直觀的檢測教學成果的方式。
畢業(yè)論文是展示學生創(chuàng)新能力的一個重要窗口。早在2000年制定的高等學校英語專業(yè)《英語教學大綱》(以下簡稱《大綱》),就已經十分重視學生能力的培養(yǎng),把創(chuàng)新能力作為重中之重來強調。在人才培養(yǎng)目標中,明確提出要注重培養(yǎng)學生“獲取知識的能力、獨立思考的能力和創(chuàng)新的能力”。對于畢業(yè)論文,“評分時除了考慮語言表達能力外,還應把獨立見解和創(chuàng)新意識作為重要依據?!薄陡咝M庹Z專業(yè)教育發(fā)展報告(1978-2008)》也指出“切實提高學生的英語語言技能,有效改進教學方法,著力培養(yǎng)他們的創(chuàng)新能力是今后數(shù)年擺在英語專業(yè)面前的主要任務?!?/p>
1 英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文現(xiàn)狀
畢業(yè)論文作為一項系統(tǒng)工程,歷時長,跨度大,包括選題、申報、開題、初稿、修改、定稿、評閱、答辯、歸檔等環(huán)節(jié),在教師指導學生畢業(yè)論文寫作的過程中,常常會遇到諸如選題鮮有新意、材料拼拼湊湊、結構不甚合理、語言錯誤百出、格式不一而同等問題。究其原因,不難看出,除了語言因素,邏輯思維能力、創(chuàng)新能力的欠缺,仍是英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文存在的主要問題。除此之外,沒有圍繞所學知識進行相關的實踐活動,或者說沒有理論聯(lián)系實際,也是造成畢業(yè)論文人云亦云,沒有新意的一個原因。沒有心得,當然不可能寫出有新意的文章。最后的結果是,畢業(yè)論文成了他人觀點的堆砌和拼湊。對學生來說,畢業(yè)論文成了沒有辦法、倉促應付的環(huán)節(jié)。而對于指導教師來說,畢業(yè)論文成了費時、費力,卻收效甚微的教學環(huán)節(jié)。這不符合《大綱》中關于重視學生能力培養(yǎng)的精神。
2 英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新
在高等學校外語專業(yè)本科教學評估方案(征求意見第三稿)中,學生的畢業(yè)論文被劃入到了檢驗教學效果下的反映學生創(chuàng)新能力的一欄里??梢?,畢業(yè)論文不該只是資料的整理和重排,而應該反映學生對相關問題的一定的獨立見解和創(chuàng)新。畢業(yè)論文在內容上可以有所創(chuàng)新。論文所討論的“相關問題”能反映社會和時代特征,具有理論價值或實踐意義,這是創(chuàng)新。從不同視角、不同觀點來討論畢業(yè)論文中的“相關問題”,這也是創(chuàng)新。畢業(yè)論文寫作中使用實踐中新發(fā)現(xiàn)的材料,這同樣也是創(chuàng)新。
不僅如此,畢業(yè)論文在形式上也可以有所創(chuàng)新。根據不同類型高校的英語專業(yè)、不同專業(yè)方向、不同層次的學生,可以嘗試不同形式的畢業(yè)論文。畢業(yè)論文的新模式是對課程改革的延伸。以翻譯方向為例,翻譯課改的直接好處是學生參與大量的翻譯社會實踐活動,獲得第一手材料。而畢業(yè)論文形式上的創(chuàng)新正是以大量的翻譯實踐活動為基礎,使學生有機會學以致用,理論聯(lián)系實際,杜絕了抄襲的現(xiàn)象。
對于翻譯碩士專業(yè)學位論文的撰寫形式,教育部學位辦[2007]78 號文件對《翻譯碩士專業(yè)學位研究生指導性培養(yǎng)方案》有以下規(guī)定,MTI 學位論文除了研究論文形式外,還可以采用項目、實驗報告等形式。項目主要指學生在導師的指導下選擇中外文本進行翻譯,字數(shù)不少于10000 字,并根據譯文就翻譯問題寫出不少于5000 字的研究報告。實驗報告指學生在導師的指導下就口譯或筆譯的某個環(huán)節(jié)展開實驗,并就實驗結果進行分析,寫出不少于10000 字的實驗報告。
那么,本科學生的畢業(yè)論文是否也可以借鑒以上的兩種形式呢?以浙江工業(yè)大學為例,英語專業(yè)的高年級段開設有翻譯理論與實踐(英漢、漢英互譯)、口譯、實用翻譯等翻譯方向課程,翻譯課程已形成體系,而且翻譯理論與實踐(英漢、漢英互譯)課和口譯課都進行了教學改革。此外,我校英語專業(yè)學生還有短學期做翻譯大型練習的傳統(tǒng),每年有“翻譯大賽”, 暑期有全省英語糾錯活動,高年級的同學還成立了翻譯社團,積極參與翻譯社會實踐活動。所有這些,都為學生畢業(yè)論文新模式的嘗試提供了扎實的基礎。
3 實現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新的舉措
有一個現(xiàn)象值得大家反思:有些同學學習成績不錯,但畢業(yè)論文卻寫得不怎么樣。究其原因,主要還是創(chuàng)新能力不足。因此,要實現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新,首先必須培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新能力。而創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng),除了學生自身的努力,還需要教學管理者、論文指導教師、學工人員的聯(lián)動配合。
3.1 從教學管理者層面
首先,教學管理者要根據《大綱》要求,合理制定培養(yǎng)計劃中的課程及專業(yè)實踐設置。課程設置可以針對培養(yǎng)目標進行拓展,增加社會科學、自然科學等領域的知識,以拓寬學生知識面,激發(fā)學生的學術研究熱情,培養(yǎng)學生的思辨能力和創(chuàng)新能力。專業(yè)實踐設置要以課程為基礎,可以針對各個方向課程設置短學期大型作業(yè)或者專項社會實踐活動,增強學生運用知識的能力,并允許學生以社會實踐活動為素材,開展畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。其次,要加強對畢業(yè)論文指導教師的選拔,推進導師制的實施,并且嚴格控制指導學生人數(shù),保證指導時間和指導質量。建議在大三年級實行導師制,根據學生的興趣和愛好,選取相應學科的導師,在專業(yè)知識及相關課程上予以指導。第三,要開展各種學術交流活動,使學生有機會拓寬視角,開闊眼界,形成良好的學術氛圍。
3.2 從教師層面
授課教師要改變傳統(tǒng)的教學模式、考試模式,改進教學方法,利用現(xiàn)代化的教學手段,倡導自主學習、研究型學習,采用開放式、合作式、發(fā)現(xiàn)式、研究式等教學模式,激發(fā)學生的學習興趣,提高他們的邏輯思維能力和創(chuàng)新能力。除此之外,論文指導教師還要加強自身的學術修養(yǎng),熟悉學術前沿,引導學生開展畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新。
3.3 從學工層面
學生工作管理者要積極配合專業(yè),開展豐富多彩的第二課堂活動。通過讓學生成為老師的教學助手、科研助手等形式,鍛煉學生的能力。要積極動員學生參加學校的大學生科技創(chuàng)新活動。并把課外實踐、研究、創(chuàng)新等活動納入綜合考評體系,鼓勵學生進行創(chuàng)新。
除了創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng),為推進學生畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新,還要做好畢業(yè)論文的動員、組織和指導工作。各院校的英語專業(yè)要設立畢業(yè)論文領導小組,制定工作細則,完善規(guī)章制度,解決疑難問題。在畢業(yè)論文撰寫的過程中要根據實際情況,適當調整論文進程,盡量減少學生的考研、專八考試、實習、求職等對畢業(yè)論文的影響,保證學生有充裕的時間查找資料,與指導教師進行面對面的交流,并選取自己感興趣而又切實可行的方向或選題。為避免畢業(yè)論文選題重復,缺乏新意,還要嚴把選題關??梢怨冀鼛啄甑膶W生論文題目,要求學生不得重復選題,在此基礎上,再請指導教師、學科方向負責人等把關,督促學生開展畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新。除此之外,對論文的評定也要做到科學、合理。要注重學生論文寫作的過程,把論文開題報告和文獻綜述、論文寫作和修改以及答辯情況等納入學生畢業(yè)論文成績評定體系,以保證論文的質量和創(chuàng)新。
4 結語
英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新,是撰寫畢業(yè)論文的意義所在,為此,廣大外語教師和英語專業(yè)學生付出了很多努力。英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文無論在視角上、觀點上、材料上還是在形式上,都可以創(chuàng)新。培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新能力,需要教學管理者、教師、學生工作管理者和學生四者聯(lián)動,缺一不可。在強調畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)新的過程中,指導教師有時也會面臨各種困惑。比如“如何衡量本科學生畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)新”,“創(chuàng)新能力與語言能力哪個更為重要”。要解決這些困惑,需要我們外語教育工作者不斷地探索并為之做出不懈的努力。
本文為浙江工業(yè)大學教學改革項目JG0836研究成果
參考文獻
[1]高等學校外語專業(yè)教學指導委員會英語組高等學校專業(yè)英語教學大綱[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2000.
在實習名單正式出來之前,如果有特殊原因要求單獨實習的同學,系部會做考慮,但是大部分同學會選擇集體實習,集體實習氛圍更好。分組完成之后,帶隊指導老師需召集所在組學生進行任務分配,選好組長或者隊長幫助協(xié)調組員之間關系,處理本校指導老師未在現(xiàn)場時的相關事宜。進入實習程序時,帶隊指導老師引導學生加入另一所中學的生活、學習、教學與管理,在這個過程中,指導老師接觸最多的是學生在聽課、備課、試講和講課的表現(xiàn),要求學生最大限度地學習他人的長處,尤其掌握自己所帶班學生的特點,有針對性地開展自己的實習計劃,幫助中學生提高。只有學生在完全有準備的情況下,指導老師才能認同其正式授課,對于試教情況不是很好的學生,要加強心理教育。實習結束時,指導老師要對所在組實習學生進行評分,推選優(yōu)秀實習生。本科院校老師對實習學生管理是成功實習最基本的保證。
一般來說,每個大學都會建立相對穩(wěn)定的幾個實習基地,但是情況也會因學校而異。有些學校比較重視學校教學效績,擔心大學生來校實習會打斷其正常教學秩序,對實習學生存有一定的排斥,但基于上層關系,又不忍拒絕,卻又無法放手讓學生真正承擔實習具體工作,對實習工作的圓滿完成會產生阻力。但大部分的實習學校對實習生是持歡迎的態(tài)度,年輕活力的注入會幫助所在學校學生激發(fā)熱情和朝氣。后勤管理對實習學生都會開放綠色通道,如住宿等基本上都免費提供,允許延長熄燈時間。實習學生所在科任老師會提前預知他們的課程進度,而所帶班班主任也會將班上的基本情況告知實習學生,他們會對學生在其所在班的教學和班主任工作實行宏觀監(jiān)控,既讓實習學生有一定的主動權,又會給他們相應任務,更好地去調節(jié)課堂進度和班級管理工作。接受學校對實習學生的管理是實習工作不可或缺的一部分。
三、實習學生對實習學校學生的管理
實習過程的兩個基本環(huán)節(jié):教學與班主任工作是相輔相成的,它們能夠很好地體現(xiàn)學生的管理能力。隨著學校生源質量的不斷下降,即便是重點中學學生基礎也不一定好,加上很多學校實施分級教學,允許給實習學生帶的班其學生自制能力較差。對此,要完全實現(xiàn)教學效果和班主任管理工作不是容易之事,教學管理中,要體現(xiàn)因材施教,吸引學生興趣的手段和方法,而班主任工作中就要充分施以情感教育,用心去感化學生,讓學生意識到自己行為的不端,但老師并未曾放棄他,讓其有信心繼續(xù)前行。實習學生對實習學校學生的管理是成功實習最重要的組成部分。
四、院校實習專管秘書對實習學生材料的管理
實習作為高校教學重要組成部分,其嚴肅性與規(guī)范性是首要的。實習結束后,實習學生要上交的材料有自己最滿意的一份教案,實習過程記錄(包括聽課記錄和班主任工作記錄),實結。由于部分學生未參加集體實習,很多材料有過渡參照其他人的嫌疑,造成一定的雷同。還有同學因為實習過程中不是特別用心,實結感觸不深,也會拿別人的成果濫竽充數(shù),造成某個版本泛濫,實習效果不明顯的彰顯。所以,實習材料質量問題管理是一個很大問題,還有些同學借著單獨實習的機會沒能及時返校上交材料,數(shù)量上也有參差不齊。材料管理工作是實習工作順利完成的硬件基礎。
五、結語
關鍵詞:英語專業(yè);畢業(yè)論文;論文課程;教師指導
畢業(yè)論文寫作是考查學生綜合能力、評估學業(yè)成績的一個重要方式。完成畢業(yè)論文的寫作與答辯是學生取得畢業(yè)資格、獲得學士學位的必備條件。為了更好地規(guī)范高師院校英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作的教學與指導,我們以長春師范學院英語專業(yè)2009屆學生
為研究對象,探討了畢業(yè)論文寫作課程的設置及教師的指導策略。
一、英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作課程的設置
《高等學校英語專業(yè)英語教學大綱》中并未規(guī)定高校是否需要開設畢業(yè)論文寫作課程,因此鮮有高校把畢業(yè)論文寫作納入教學計劃中。但從實際情況來看,開設畢業(yè)論文寫作課能夠有效地提高學生畢業(yè)論文撰寫能力,并且培養(yǎng)其獨立思考、探索的科研能力。我校2009―2011三年開設了畢業(yè)論文寫作課程,筆者僅以此為基礎得出一些經驗:
1.課時安排
畢業(yè)論文寫作能力的提高絕不是一蹴而就的,在二年級與三年級開設寫作課時,教師可以滲透畢業(yè)論文寫作要求,安排學生查閱資料、寫學期論文等。在此基礎之上,我們把畢業(yè)論文寫作課程與教師單獨指導相結合。
2.教學內容
畢業(yè)論文寫作課往往涉及如下內容:論文選題、開題報告、文獻綜述、文獻檢索、寫作技巧、專題寫作、研究方法、論文格式、論文修改、常見錯誤評析、論文答辯及注意事項等。近年來,我國出版了很多關于英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文寫作方面的專著與教材,但考慮到此門課程的實用性及學時的局限性等因素,任課教師需要自行選擇與整理,總結出適合所教學生學習程度的教學內容,使學生在最短的時間內快速、清晰地掌握論文寫作要領。
3.教學方法
此門課程強調培養(yǎng)學生的實踐能力,因此教學形式應該是教師講授與學生操練相結合。教師講完每章節(jié)內容后,布置相關任務要求學生課后完成,之后再根據其完成情況進行總結,或是讓學生以小組形式進行討論,互相評價與修正。同時,教師也應該提供優(yōu)秀論文與問題論文供學生參考、借鑒,讓學生從評論者的角度去發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、解決問題。這樣,通過講解可以引導學生開展下一步的工作,通過實踐又能使學生避免不必要的錯誤。
4.考核辦法
本課程以考核學生的平時任務完成為主,輔以期末考試考查理論知識及對知識的實際應用。平時的任務形式包括小組活動、資料搜集、實驗設計等,而期末考試可以以開卷形式進行或是要求學生事先準備,寫與所選題目相關的文獻綜述、論文各部分,如引言等。
二、教師的針對性指導
論文寫作課只是為學生建構了畢業(yè)論文寫作的大體框架,而具體的實施則需要指導教師給予學生有針對性的輔導。兩者應同步進行,相輔相成。
1.畢業(yè)論文的選題直接關系到論文的完成質量
在論文寫作課初步介紹完論文選題之后,教師可以給出和自己研究方向緊密相關的論文題目供學生選擇。這樣,教師可以給予學生更多的幫助,同時也可以讓學生參與到自己的研究中,做到教學相長。
2.指導學生科研方法,培養(yǎng)學生科研能力
教師還應該著重注意指導學生查閱資料,了解最新的研究動態(tài),避免學生思路閉塞以致題目陳舊、沒有研究價值。另外,由于專業(yè)特點,很多學生選擇了英語教學法,但他們的論文往往只限于文獻研究,并不能真正與教學相聯(lián)系。教師可以指導并幫助學生結合論文課上所講的科研方法,設計試驗,做調查分析等,真正培養(yǎng)學生的研究能力。
3.要加強對畢業(yè)論文的監(jiān)督力度
教師要對學生進行誠信教育,強化指導與監(jiān)控,力求避免抄襲現(xiàn)象。同時,也要督促學生合理規(guī)劃時間,及時與老師溝通,保質保量地完成論文撰寫工作。
畢業(yè)論文寫作是大學英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)前最后一項也是極為重要的一個教學環(huán)節(jié),它的順利完成需要學生、學校和教師三方面的共同努力。我們希望規(guī)范的教學及指導能幫助學生養(yǎng)成科學的研究態(tài)度,形成嚴謹?shù)膶W術作風,為他們將來的工作打下良好的基礎。
參考文獻:
[1]程小薔.英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導策略研究[J].成人高教學刊,2010(2).
[2]吳俊.關于本科院校開設英語畢業(yè)論文寫作課的思考[J].忻州師范學院學報,2011-08.
作者簡介:
第一作者:曹佳[(1981―),女,漢族,長春人,講師,碩士研究生,主要從事外國語言學及應用語言學研究;第二作者:孫莉莉(1975―),女,漢族,長春人,副教授,碩士研究生,主要從事社會語言學及應用語言學研究。
《單向度的人》是德國著名哲人馬爾庫塞最負盛名的一部力作?!皢蜗蚨取?(one-dimension)這個術語今天已成為最膾炙人口的概念之一。單向度的人(one-dimensional man),即是喪失否定、批判和超越能力的人。這樣的人不再有能力去追求,甚至也不再有能力去想象一種與現(xiàn)實生活不同的生活形式[3]3-5。在此借用馬爾庫塞的這一概念,用“多向度寫作”;指不因囿于同一模式和既成的規(guī)范而形成八股文式的寫作,不以文害意,而是具有創(chuàng)意,有批評和身份意識, 充分體現(xiàn)思辨能力的寫作模式?!岸嘞蚨取?分為知識向度、技術向度、文化向度和思辨向度,它們是層級升高和互為基礎的關系。
一、現(xiàn)狀分析日前,學界就本科畢業(yè)論文的存廢問題展開了激烈的爭論,有人認為,本科畢業(yè)論文只是一個“美麗的擺設”;,達到了 “人神共憤”;的境地,勞民傷財,應該廢除;有人認為如果因為質量差就取消是因噎廢食,不僅不能取消,而應找到問題的癥結和解決辦法。筆者認為,語言學習的重要技能除了口頭表達,還有書面表達,取消畢業(yè)論文的這種“瘦身運動”;不可取,況且英語專業(yè)生的畢業(yè)論文更擔負著提高學生思辨能力的重任,不可廢除。業(yè)界專家在教學評估和調研過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了英語專業(yè)本科生思辨能力欠缺的問題,特別突出體現(xiàn)在畢業(yè)論文的寫作上。如黃源深教授在論文“思辨缺席”;[4]18-19,和“英語專業(yè)課程必須徹底改革———再論‘思辨缺席’”;[5]1中進行的跨度十余年的考察的結果仍然是“思辨缺席”;,這不能不引起我們的反思。黃教授指出目前“思辨缺席”;不僅是英語專業(yè)生的痼疾,甚至是一部分英語專業(yè)教師的痼疾,并探討了一些解決方案。王寧教授針對中國的語言文學研究在國際學術界處于“失語”;狀態(tài)的說法,指出“這絕不是一個語言表達的問題,而是我們學會了如何說話和寫作,但卻不知道說什么和寫什么的問題。……所以,我們決不能滿足淺層次的教學工作,而應致力于培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新人才?!?[6]1-2
目前對本科畢業(yè)論文的研究多圍繞形式展開,針對如何提高論文的思想含量的研究較少,而針對地方院校英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文體現(xiàn)出來的思辨缺席現(xiàn)狀的實證研究和相應的教學改革措施的研究就更少了。探究造成這一現(xiàn)狀的根源,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在著中學與大學英語教學銜接不當,英語教育理論與實踐斷裂的現(xiàn)象。隨著英語學習起始年齡的降低和對英語學習的重視,大部分學生在小學甚至是幼兒園就開始學習英語,經過十多年的英語學習,進入大學后可以說基本解決了英語聽說讀寫的語言技能,特別是英語專業(yè)生,入學的口語測試要達到一定水平才能錄取。那么,大學階段的培養(yǎng)目標還是僅僅定位于語言技能的訓練,那豈不是重復勞動?無形地延長了學生的學習周期。大學生英語學習和中學的根本區(qū)別不是聽說讀寫的流利和準確的程度差別,而是如何表達更深層的思想和更廣闊的視野,所以大學英語教育應該把培養(yǎng)學生的思辨能力和創(chuàng)新思維放在首要的位置。
受主流語言學的影響,目前我國的外語教學仍以語言形式為主。主流語言學強調對能指,即語言形式的研究,而忽略了對具有豐富內涵的所指,即意義的研究?!罢Z言意識”; (即關注語言形式的意識)已得到充分的重視,而對“批評語言意識”;(即關注語言的社會性和思想性)的強調不夠[7]3。在大學階段,學生外語水平的進一步提高就體現(xiàn)在思想的深度和廣度,在這種狀況之下,學生的思辨性寫作問題就凸現(xiàn)出來。目前通過一系列有效措施,基本解決了學生的論文格式和規(guī)范方面的問題,大部分學生的論文語言流暢,沒有語法錯誤,符合格式,但都是一些綜述性的文章,沒有新意,整齊劃一,給人一種新八股文的印象,走向了以文害意的極端。語言哲學家塞爾說過:“沒有感受性的嚴格是空洞的,沒有嚴格性的情感只是浮華的廢話”;[8]155。如何把標準和客觀與批評意識有效地結合起來,如何培養(yǎng)學生的思辨能力和學術意識成了問題的焦點。
二、幾點建議因為本科畢業(yè)論文不是單純的一門課程或某一個教學環(huán)節(jié),而是一個長期的、動態(tài)的系統(tǒng)工程,是把知識片段進行橫向聯(lián)合而且付諸實踐的一個有效手段。因此改革內容與方法應該從宏觀考量,應從人才培養(yǎng)理念、課程設置以及師資培訓和整合等幾個大方面入手。
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language,the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive,cognitive,and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university,half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1]Skehan, P. Individual Differences in Second Language Learning[M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1991:105.
[2]Tav angarian D.& Leypold M.E., Noiting K., Roser M. & Voigt D. Is e-Learning the solution for individual Learning?[D]Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2004:245.
[3]Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:154.
[4]Weinstein, C & R. Mayer. The Teaching of Learning Strategies[M]. NewYork. Macmillan, 1986:74.
[5]Chamot, A. The Learning Strategies Handbook. NY[M]. Longman, 1987:96.
[6]Rubin, J. Language Learning Language Strategies: What every teacher should know[M]. Boston: Heinle & Heinele, 1990:156.
[7]Oxford, R. L. Variables Affecting Choices of Language Learning Strategies by University Students[M]. Modern Language Journal, 1989:24.
[8]Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:54.
[9]Cohen, A. D. Language learning: “Insights for learners, Teachers and Researchers”[M]. New York: Newbury House Publishers, 1990:67.
[10]Cohen, A.D. Weaver, S. & Li, T-Y. The Impact of Strategies-based Instruction on Speaking a Foreign Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1998:78.
[11]Tarone, E. Some Thoughts on the Notion of “Communication Strategies” [J]. London: Longman, 1983:65-66.
[12]Stern, H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching[M]. Oxford University Press, 1983:57-58.
[13]Oxford & O’ Malley. A Study of Learning Strategies in Foreign Language Instruction: First Year Report[M]. Rosslyn, Va.: Interstate Research Associates, 1987:155.
[14]Oxford, R.L. Language learning strategies: What Every Teachers Should Know[M]. New York: Newbury House, 1990:54-55.
[15]Cohen, A. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000:124.
[16]陳曉堂,鄭敏.英語學習策略[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2002:56.
[17]文秋芳.英語學習成功之路[M].上海外語教育出版社,2003:54.
[18]Bygate, M. Speaking[M]. Oxford University Press, 1987:85.
[19]McDonugh, S.H. Strategies and Skill in Learning a Foreign Language[M]. London: Edward Amold, 1995:78-79.
[20]Ellis, Rod. Learning a Second Language Learning Through Interaction[M] Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999:65.
[21]Nunan, D. The Learner-Centered Curriculum: a Study in Second Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:45.
[22]Dornyei, Z. On the teachability of communication strategies. TESOL Quaterly[M].TESOL Quarterly, 1995:75.
[23]Huang, X. H. & M. Van Naersson. Learning Strategies for oral communication[J]. Applied Linguistic, 1987:287-307.
[24]陳思齊.英語專業(yè)大學生交際策略的使用研究[J].外語教學,1990:24-26.
[25]Ehrman, M & Oxford. Effects of sex differences, career choice, and psychological type on adult language learning strategies[M]. Modern Language, 1989:154.
[26]Bialystock, E. The role of conscious strategies: A psychological Analysis of Second Language use[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981:25.
[27]陳善瓊.語言學習策略在中學英語口語教學中的應用[D]. 四川師范大學,2007:85.
Appendices
浙江科技學院非英語專業(yè)大學生網上英語口語學習策略調查問卷
一、個人簡況
姓名:
性別: A 男 B女
科別: A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征: A內向 B外向
你認為你目前的英語綜合水平: A很差 B一般 C優(yōu)秀
二、網上英語口語學習策略調查
(元認知策略使用情況調查)
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、上網學習時,我能把握上網學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何上網提高英語口語能力,在不同時期,我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的上網學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前, 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(認知策略使用情況調查)
7、我瀏覽各種英文網站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等,聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時,我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽VOA,BBC,. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時,我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽VOA,BBC,. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時,我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(記憶策略使用情況調查)
11、我反復觀看喜歡的歐美劇,以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時, 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、在英文網站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把上網遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我用金山詞霸等網上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(補償策略使用情況調查)
17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時, 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時, 當不懂對方所言時,會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時, 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞 時, 我會使用同義詞(組)。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時, 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(情感策略使用情況調查)
21、在網絡環(huán)境中害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好,我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時, 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、上網學習英語后,我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(社交策略使用情況調查)
26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時,我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、通過網上交流很容易在學習上和同學結成朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時,交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時,我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時,我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難,向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
浙江科技學院非英語專業(yè)大學生非網絡狀態(tài)下英語口語學習策略調查問卷
(元認知策略使用情況調查)
1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
2、學習時,我能把握學習的時間和內容。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
3、對于如何提高英語口語能力,在不同時期,我有明確的目標。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
5、我思考和評價自己的學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
6、在說話前, 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(認知策略使用情況調查)
7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動,聽和練習口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時,我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
9、聽英語時,我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
10、聽英語時,我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(記憶策略使用情況調查)
11、我反復朗讀喜歡的英語文章,以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
12、記單詞時, 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(補償策略使用情況調查)
17、英語聊天時,我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
18、英語聊天時,當不懂對方所言時,會請求對方重復或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
19、英語聊天時, 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞時, 我會使用同義詞(組)。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
20、當不能表達自己時, 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(情感策略使用情況調查)
21、害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好,我經常自我鼓勵。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時, 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
24、一番努力學習后,我的學習興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
(社交策略使用情況調查)
26、用英語聊天時,我請對方糾正我的錯誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
27、英語打開新的世界,結交更多的朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
28、必要時,交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
29、交談時,我把精力放在意思表達上。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
30、在口語表達時,我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難,向對方尋求幫助。
A從不 B很少 C有時 D經常 E總是
謝謝您的合作!
誠 信 承 諾
我謹在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《基于網絡的英語口語學習策略研究》均系本人獨立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實,后果由本人承擔。
畢業(yè)論文作為本科生在校期間最后一個綜合性的實踐教學環(huán)節(jié),學時最長,學分最大,在本科教學體系中占有十分重要的地位,也是衡量和檢驗本科專業(yè)教學質量的一個重要方面。通過畢業(yè)論文教學環(huán)節(jié),可以有效加強和鞏固學生所學理論知識、實驗技能和綜合素質,使學生在文獻查閱、實驗動手能力、獨立分析和解決問題能力、創(chuàng)新能力等各方面都得到綜合的訓練,同時還可以有效培養(yǎng)學生嚴肅認真、嚴謹科學的研究和工作作風。因此,畢業(yè)論文也被稱為學生從學校走向社會的“橋梁”。[1]
應用化學作為一門介于理科和工科之間的應用型的學科,在國內多所高校均有開設,并且本科階段各學??筛鶕髯缘膶嶋H情況決定授予理學或工學學士學位。石河子大學應用化學專業(yè)于2002年開始本科招生,授予工學學士,其目標是培養(yǎng)應用型的技術人才。本科畢業(yè)論文作為實現(xiàn)該目標的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),在我校一直非常重視。通常,畢業(yè)論文教學環(huán)節(jié)包括四個方面,論文選題、論文研究、論文評閱和論文答辯,四個環(huán)節(jié)互為條件、互相促進,只有做好每一個環(huán)節(jié),才能產生高質量的優(yōu)秀論文。但在畢業(yè)論文實際開展過程中,還較大程度存在學生認識不到位和教師指導不到位等問題,嚴重影響了學生本科畢業(yè)論文質量。為了有效克服上述問題,關鍵是要做好畢業(yè)論文的各環(huán)節(jié)的管理,筆者結合本校的畢業(yè)論文管理辦法及自身在畢業(yè)論文教學過程中的體會,就如何強化應用化學專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文各環(huán)節(jié)管理提出個人觀點。
一、畢業(yè)論文前的準備工作
1.科學上的繼承和借鑒、交流和綜合,主要通過文獻檢索來實現(xiàn)。有效地查閱科技文獻,可以減少重復勞動,避免走彎路,吸取別人的經驗教訓。[2] 但實際情況表明,本科生在文獻查閱方面的能力是非常欠缺的,僅局限在百度、Google等基本的搜索引擎,而對于專業(yè)知識、文獻的檢索知之甚少;同時缺乏對專業(yè)外文文獻的閱讀能力。針對這種問題,我們在第六學期開設了《專業(yè)英語》和在第七學期開設了《信息檢索與利用》兩門課程。其中,《專業(yè)英語》課程,重點講授常見的有機化合物、無機化合物、高分子化合物等的命名,外文科技文獻的組成及書寫規(guī)則,外文科技文獻的閱讀技巧等。而《信息檢索與利用》課程,則講授文獻檢索的傳統(tǒng)方法、光盤數(shù)據庫和網絡數(shù)據庫的檢索,重點講授網絡數(shù)據庫的查詢及使用,如中國知網、萬方數(shù)據庫、SciFinder Scholar,Web of Science等。通過這些課程的開設,提高了學生對專業(yè)英語文獻的閱讀能力和文獻檢索能力,從而使得學生在本科論文的文獻查閱、方案設計、論文撰寫等方面起到了非常積極的幫助。
2.興趣是最好的老師,要使學生能夠全身心的投入本科論文,興趣和熱情是非常重要的一個因素。為了使學生找到自己感興趣的老師和做感興趣的課題,我們會在學生選擇指導教師之前召開本科論文動員大會,其中重要的一點就是詳細介紹我院能帶本科論文老師的具體研究方向和研究課題。這樣學生可以根據指導老師的研究方向和課題,按自己的興趣自行選擇論文指導教師,確定自己論文的研究內容。同時我們打破了教學系的壁壘,允許學生在全院不同教學系中自由選擇指導教師。從近幾年的實際結果來看,這種舉措是值得肯定的,學生反應較好,論文質量也有明顯提高。
3.指導教師在學生畢業(yè)論文的過程起著非常重要的作用,他對畢業(yè)論文重要性的認識程度直接影響著畢業(yè)論文質量的高低,因此,對于指導教師的選拔顯得尤為重要。一直以來,我院的本科畢業(yè)論文指導老師均來自教學科研一線,具有較強的責任心和較高的學術水平,實驗員一般不擔任指導教師。為了保證指導教師有足夠的時間來指導學生開展本科畢業(yè)論文工作,學院明確規(guī)定了老師所指導學生數(shù)不超過8人。同時,為了保證論文的順利實施,科研項目多、研究生多的教師可多帶些,而科研經費較少的老師所帶的學生則相應減少。另一方面,為了增強指導教師的責任意識,我院把指導畢業(yè)論文的能力和質量作為評價教師的重要指標之一,對畢業(yè)論文工作中成績突出的指導教師予以表彰,對優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文給予資金支持,并發(fā)放一定的畢業(yè)論文指導績效津貼。
二、畢業(yè)論文中的過程管理工作
過程管理強調的是全程的整體把握以及對過程關鍵點的監(jiān)督,其宗旨是“抓大放小、靈活彈性”。[3] 加強對畢業(yè)論文的過程管理工作,使畢業(yè)論文制度化和規(guī)范化,可有效提高畢業(yè)論文的質量。首先,在畢業(yè)論文的組織管理方面,我院成立了以教學副院長為首的本科教學指導委員會,教科辦、學辦、各系協(xié)調配合、組織實施。其次,對畢業(yè)論文的重點環(huán)節(jié),如論文選題、開題、中期檢查、答辯等,學院加強監(jiān)督和督導,確保開題論證到位、教師指導到位、研究過程到位、質量控制到位。以檢查促效果,以指導出成績,以考核出成效。在約束學生對畢業(yè)論文時間投入和精力投入的同時,督查指導教師的時間和精力的投入,確保老師認真指導,學生認真完成畢業(yè)論文。[4] 同時在各個環(huán)節(jié),學校也會組織督導抽查、督促和指導。再次,學院統(tǒng)一印制論文實驗記錄本,規(guī)范開題報告、最終論文等文件的格式,做到論文的統(tǒng)一和規(guī)范化。學院還在院內統(tǒng)一協(xié)調學生實驗儀器、實驗場所,以及院內大型表征儀器的使用等,為本科論文的順利開展提供條件保障和技術支持。
三、畢業(yè)論文后的評價工作
畢業(yè)論文是學生離校前的最后一次總結性的、綜合性的、獨立完成的作業(yè),歷時一個學期的辛苦努力,最終的成績不管對學生還是老師都非??粗氐摹R虼?,科學化和規(guī)范化的成績評定體系非常重要。我院的學生論文成績一般是按照導師給出的成績、評閱人成績和答辯成績按40%、20%和40%的權重確定最終成績。在各部分的成績評定時,均給出相應的評定依據和評定標準,盡量保證成績的公平和公正。另外,為了保證論文的嚴肅性,杜絕教師個人及相互之間的感情因素,學院還確立了專家復審制度,對于評定為不及格和校級優(yōu)秀論文進行100%復審,而對于其他的則采取抽查的方式統(tǒng)一進行復審,以規(guī)范論文的質量及成績評定。對于與評定級別不符的論文通過專家組的復審,進行成績的更改,通報相關指導教師和學生,并作出相應的處罰等。
四、 結語
畢業(yè)論文是本科教學工作水平評估的一個核心指標。在畢業(yè)論文期間,學校、學院應做好相關的管理工作,教師和學生在思想上充分重視,加強對畢業(yè)論文各環(huán)節(jié)的嚴格管理和監(jiān)控,這樣才能提高畢業(yè)論文的質量,達到畢業(yè)論文實踐教學環(huán)節(jié)實施的最終目的。
(一)以生為本,全面掌握學生英語學習的實際能力
英語教師應當對每一名小學生的基本英語學習能力、英語寫作能力和英語口語表達能力有一個清晰的認識和了解,不僅要讓小學生在英語學習的過程中充分掌握英語知識,更要使其全面提升英語實際應用能力。我認為,英語教師可以通過課堂活動或英語檢測等方式初步掌握每個學生的基本英語技能,從而進一步確定學生在英語學習方面的能力,同時對不同層次的學生的學習能力進行全面、系統(tǒng)的把握。只有這樣,教師才能在日常教學活動中做到以學生為中心,更好地因材施教,提升小學英語課堂教學的質量。
(二)以學定教,為學生制定科學而正確的英語能力發(fā)展對策
小學英語課堂教學活動中,英語教師可以通過對遠程教育資源的合理運用來對英語學科展開充分的整合與分析,并把握不同層次的學生在每一節(jié)英語課堂上的英語能力與知識的生長點,從而做到以學定教。在此基礎上,小學英語教師可依據每個學生的特點與教學任務的不同,為他們制定出一套科學而正確的學習方法,以使其英語學習能力得到全面的提升。
二、生本理念下構建小學英語高效課堂的相關策略分析
多媒體課件與各種科學技術的應用為當今教育插上了飛翔的翅膀,在小學英語教學過程中的作用尤為明顯。
(一)利用多媒體課件開展教學輔助工作,幫助學生掌握英語學習的難點與重點
小學英語知識雖然相對淺顯簡單,但對于一部分小學生來說學習起來仍具有一定的難度,特別是在一些抽象的英語知識教學方面,很多小學生都無法做到對英語基礎知識點的正確把握。面對這種情況,筆認為在一些教學資源豐富、教學條件優(yōu)良的學校,英語教師可以在把握學生進行英語學習的興趣點基礎上,有針對性地選擇多媒體課件開展英語教學。與此同時,英語教師還應當充分利用豐富的英語教學資源,全面激發(fā)小學生參與英語知識學習的激情與熱情,從而進一步優(yōu)化與完善英語高效課堂。
(二)運用多媒體課件擴充小學英語課堂教學容量,推動高效課堂的創(chuàng)建
小學英語教學中,教師可以充分利用多媒體技術創(chuàng)設教學情景,從而使課堂教學效率得到進一步提升,使學生積極主動地融入到英語課堂教學活動中去。英語教師在進行英語教學情景創(chuàng)設的同時,要注重培養(yǎng)學生形成更加廣闊的思維,為教學活動的實踐與教學質量的提升搭建起師生互動、學生互動的溝通、交流平臺。當一些英語教學的難點與重點被突破之后,英語教師可以通過多媒體技術幫助學生拓展思維,從而進一步深化學生對英語學習知識點的理解與掌握。
(三)注重對學生英語實踐能力的培養(yǎng)
一方面,英語教師要注重對學生英語實踐能力的培養(yǎng)。當前小學英語教學中,教師要將學生放在教學的首要位置。英語教師應當依據每個學生的英語學習能力,針對其選擇合理的英語實踐活動,從而使每個學生都能積極參與到英語學習活動中去。在這個過程中,英語教師尤其要注重針對學生情感因素開展教學,充分調動學生學習的主動性與積極性,讓每個學生都能從不同的角度參與到學習實踐活動中去,從而培養(yǎng)他們的英語實踐能力。另一方面,英語實踐能力的養(yǎng)成還需要學生在日常對話中學會如何運用英語中的一些簡單句型。學生參與到情景教學中不僅有利于提升小學英語教學的整體質量,還可以使小學生時刻保持一種愉快的學習心情。而英語教師的任務不僅是讓學生學會如何說英語,更要讓學生學會如何寫英語。教師應當組織學生開展各種形式的英語對話活動,并且依據活動進行一些英語情景的創(chuàng)設,讓學生在英語情景中進行交流與溝通,最終加深對于英語的理解以及學會運用一些簡單的英語句型。在部分條件允許的班級中,英語教師還可以組織小學生開展英語寫作比賽,這不僅能夠大大提升學生的學習興趣,還有利于培養(yǎng)他們的英語表達能力。
三、結語
用型本科院校尤為重要。本文對目前應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)現(xiàn)存的問題進行分析,提出了應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)的有效實施模式,同時探討了如何有效保障畢業(yè)論文(設計)的進行。
關鍵詞:應用型本科 畢業(yè)論文(設計) 有效實施模式
一、引言
應用型本科是在高等教育大眾化的背景下提出的,重在“應用”二字,要求各專業(yè)緊密結合地方特色,注重學生實踐能力,培養(yǎng)應用型人才。畢業(yè)論文(設計)是普通高校本科教育的重要教學環(huán)節(jié),旨在培養(yǎng)學生系統(tǒng)、綜合地運用所學知識,加強專業(yè)實踐,增強科學研究能力,提高創(chuàng)新意識,對于以培養(yǎng)應用型人才的應用型本科院校來說更是具有重要意義。本文對應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)現(xiàn)存的問題進行了分析,提出了應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)的有效實施模式,并探討了如何有效保障畢業(yè)論文(設計)的進行。
二、應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)存在的問題
1、指導教師的因素
隨著近幾年高校的擴招,許多本科院校招生規(guī)模不斷擴大,同時教學條件和師資力量一時難以跟上,指導老師教學任務十分繁重,或者是從思想上沒有對畢業(yè)論文(設計)進行重視,因此對畢業(yè)論文(設計)投入精力不足。
2、部分學生對畢業(yè)論文(設計)的重要性認識不足
畢業(yè)一般安排在第八學期,正是學生選擇就業(yè),找工作的重要時期。對于學校和學生就業(yè)壓力巨大的今天,選擇理想就業(yè)更為重要,即學生的就業(yè)與學習矛盾突出。由于畢業(yè)設計對學生找工作沒有直接影響,故部分學生采取了消極應付的態(tài)度,相當程度上影響了畢業(yè)論文(設計)的質量。
3、教學資源不充分
隨著各高校不斷擴招,學生人數(shù)不斷增加,而教學設備的投入相對滯后,已經不能滿足教學的需要。學生在查閱文獻資料等方面得不到滿足,客觀上形成了畢業(yè)論文(設計)工作的瓶頸。大學城一般遠離城區(qū),尤其像我們安徽三聯(lián)學院,由于遠離市中心,教師去學校的次數(shù)較少,導致學生難以及時與老師見面,指導時間難以得到保障。
4、管理保障缺乏力度
盡管目前大部分學校都有針對畢業(yè)設計指定的規(guī)章制度和條例,但在執(zhí)行中不嚴格,不規(guī)范,學校缺乏對畢業(yè)設計全過程的有效監(jiān)控,缺乏對教師真正有效的監(jiān)督機制和獎懲措施,在評閱和答辯過程中,老師有時為了不影響學生就業(yè),出現(xiàn)了對學生放松要求,流于形式,對一些不符合要求的畢業(yè)設計往往采取遷就,寬容的態(tài)度。
三、畢業(yè)論文(設計)的有效實施模式
應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)的實施模式分為確定選題、制定任務書、開展開題報告、進行中期檢查、評閱和答辯和工作總結6個方面。具體如下:
1、確定選題
(1)畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導教師申報研究題目及研究內容;
(2)畢業(yè)論文指導小組審閱研究題目及研究內容;
(3)公布畢業(yè)論文(設計)選題和指導老師;
(4)召開雙向選擇會,確定師生的對應關系,確定學生選題。
2、制定任務書
任務書應該由指導老師和學生共同完成。主要包括論文(設計)的主要任務及目標,論文(設計)的主要內容,論文(設計)的基本要求,主要參考文獻和進度安排等。
3、開展開題報告
開題報告由學生完成,分別由指導老師和論文(設計)指導小組審閱,內容主要包括論題的意義及研究狀況,主要內容、研究方法和思路,查閱過的文獻資料及調研情況,總體安排和進度(包括階段性工作內容及完成日期)。
4、進行中期檢查
中期檢查由學生匯報,由指導老師和畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導小組檢查。主要包括工作進度,遇到的問題,下一步的工作方法和思路等等。
5、評閱和答辯
由評閱,PPT演示和答辯三個部分組成。論文由指導老師和畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導小組評閱;PPT演示由學生進行演示;答辯由答辯小組進行答辯。畢業(yè)論文(設計)成績采用五級記分制即優(yōu)秀,良好,中等,及格,不及格。指導老師初步評定成績,寫出評語,經答辯后由答辯小組或畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導小組審定成績。
6、工作總結
包括兩個方面,一是指導老師對畢業(yè)論文(設計)的過程及論文撰寫的要點進行總結,然后選擇成績優(yōu)秀的同學在課堂上演示,以激勵其他同學;二是進行畢業(yè)論文(設計)工作的總結,完成畢業(yè)論文(設計)資料歸檔。
四、畢業(yè)論文(設計)的有效保障
要使畢業(yè)論文(設計)模式有效實施,畢業(yè)論文(設計)工作有序進行,還需要相應的保障條件。筆者認為以下四個方面是必不可少的。
1、制度和質量管理
包括兩個方面,一是加強制度建設,通過相應的管理文件,對畢業(yè)論文(設計)的選題,指導教師的職責,答辯成績的評定等環(huán)節(jié)規(guī)范化,統(tǒng)一畢業(yè)論文(設計)格式要求;二是強化過程管理,構建畢業(yè)論文(設計)質量監(jiān)控體系,成立學校、二級學院(系)和教研室三級機構,對畢業(yè)論文(設計)的各個環(huán)節(jié)的執(zhí)行進行檢查,實行全過程,全方位的質量監(jiān)控。
2、強化指導老師能力
包括兩個方面,一是指導老師本身要嚴格按照管理文件規(guī)定履行職務。包括文獻(資料)檢索方法的培訓和指導、畢業(yè)論文撰寫的培訓和指導、畢業(yè)答辯的培訓和指導等。二是學校要加強教師能力的培養(yǎng),鼓勵教師參加科研和實踐活動,不斷增強畢業(yè)論文(設計)的指導水平。
3、改變學生觀點
一方面要改變學生對畢業(yè)論文(設計)不重視或認識不夠的意識。通過畢業(yè)論文(設計)加強對學生實踐能力,創(chuàng)新能力和應用型能力的培養(yǎng)。另一方面畢業(yè)論文(設計)要做到早布置,早準備。在上屆學生的答辯的時候,組織學生去聽答辯,再者是讓優(yōu)秀學生給下屆學生講寫畢業(yè)論文(設計)的過程和體會。
4、論文所需經費
給予畢業(yè)論文(設計)一定的經費。這包括指導老師指導學生的課酬,畢業(yè)論文(設計)復印等各項工作的支出。除了學校擔負一部分經費外,還可以爭取企業(yè),事業(yè)和政府的經費支持。
五、結論
本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)工作是培養(yǎng)學生運用所學的基本理論、基本知識和基本技能分析解決實際問題能力、獨立工作能力、增強創(chuàng)新意識的重要途徑。對于以培養(yǎng)應用型人才的應用型本科院校來說更是具有重要意義。本文針對畢業(yè)論文(設計)現(xiàn)存的問題進行分析,提出了應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)的有效實施模式,即確定選題,制定任務書,開展開題報告,進行中期檢查,評閱和答辯以及工作總結六個方面。同時從制度和質量管理、強化指導老師能力、改變學生認識、論文所需經費四個方面探討了如何有效保障論文(設計)的進行。
基金項目:安徽三聯(lián)學院2011年度院級科研基金項目。項目編號:20110024。
參考文獻:
[1]陸富彬.對教學應用型高校本科生畢業(yè)論文工作的思考[J].高教研究文教資料,2006,(10):59,60.
[2]楊水銀.應用型高校本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)改革探討[J].當代教育論壇,2006,(10):78,80.
關鍵詞:翻譯行業(yè);翻譯能力;英語專業(yè);翻譯課程
一、研究背景
目前,在市場經濟大環(huán)境下,我國對于翻譯人才的需求越來越大,并且對于職業(yè)譯員的能力要求也呈現(xiàn)出多元化的態(tài)勢。傳統(tǒng)的翻譯教學主要從翻譯技巧、語言對比、文本類型、翻譯理論幾個大方面訓練學生的雙語轉換能力,在很大程度上無法滿足當下的市場對職業(yè)譯員的需求。高校培養(yǎng)出的翻譯人才,在市場需求下已有些力不從心。
筆者對北京市的幾大國內與國際翻譯公司人員(對象涉及初中高級全職與兼職譯員,技術部門、業(yè)務部門經理與主管),以及北京大學MTI與CAT專業(yè)的授課教師進行訪談,了解到高校培養(yǎng)的翻譯人才與翻譯公司需求的人才在能力需求上有很大的不對等性,常常表現(xiàn)為:以優(yōu)秀成績畢業(yè)于高校應用語言學的人才并不能在短期內勝任翻譯公司的工作,在校習得的知識與市場對于學生在翻譯工作方面的能力需求之間存在很大差別,造成了用人單位與剛剛參加工作的學生雙方感覺相互溝通非常困難。具體表現(xiàn)為:第一,學生感覺無法學以致用;第二,用人單位覺得雙語能力優(yōu)秀的人才,并不能勝任該機構內的日常翻譯工作,仍需要對其進行各種大量的、有針對性的培訓。因此,在市場需求的大前提下,職業(yè)譯員翻譯能力的習得與培養(yǎng),成了至關重要的問題。
2003年,PACTE研究人員提出了對翻譯能力習得過程的定性描述:第一,翻譯能力的習得像其他學習過程一樣,是一個動態(tài)的、螺旋上升的過程,從入門知識逐步演化為專業(yè)技能知識,這一過程需要譯者運用一定的學習策略,并在習得過程中綜合、發(fā)展和重建表述知識和操作知識;第二,翻譯能力的習得在根本上是一個獲得操作知識,從而發(fā)展策略能力的過程;第三,翻譯能力的習得是一個不斷發(fā)展和重建翻譯能力的過程。
從以上研究可知,對翻譯能力的再定義務必要以人本主義為精神。傳統(tǒng)的翻譯能力習得,大多從篇章文本及語言角度出發(fā),很少提及譯員自身能力的發(fā)展。社會分工提高了勞動生產率,但社會不能以犧牲人的主體性為發(fā)展代價。強調譯員自身能力的發(fā)展,不但不會轉移傳統(tǒng)的翻譯能力的重心,相反的,以人為本的精神,只會更強化譯員作為翻譯活動中的主體地位。
目前學術界對翻譯能力的界定普遍比較模糊,國內外多名學者提出了多種假設及論斷,概括來說主要有語言/文本能力、翻譯策略能力、轉換生成能力、翻譯技術能力。本文擬通過實證性及定量研究,具體分析在當今市場需求下,如何界定多元翻譯能力的必要組成部分以及翻譯專業(yè)人才應具備的翻譯能力與“技巧”的內涵,在人本主義的關照下重新定義多元翻譯能力模型。
二、文獻綜述
喬姆斯基對語言活動中“能力”(competence)與“表現(xiàn)”(performance)的界定為應用語言學、交際理論提供了新的研究層面。20世紀70年代,以Wolfram Wilss為代表的描述翻譯學派開始探究“翻譯能力”(Translation competence),提出譯者必須具有源語文本分析能力和目的語文本生成能力。過去的研究者在觀察翻譯過程中譯者的行為表現(xiàn)的基礎上將翻譯能力的構成分為:雙語能力(bilingual competence)、轉換能力(transfer competence)和世界/主題知識(world/subject knowledge)。
阿爾布雷希特?諾伊貝特(Albrecht Neubert)將關于翻譯能力分析的5個參數(shù)作為能力成分:語言能力、文本能力、主題能力、文化能力和轉換能力。這幾種能力共同作用使翻譯活動有別于其他領域的交際活動,也使翻譯研究有別于其他交際領域的研究。進入21世紀以來,與信息時代接軌的國際翻譯能力研究進一步泛化,F(xiàn)raser(2000)將目的論(Skopos theory)的觀點融入研究,指出翻譯能力還應包含從客戶需求角度評價自身翻譯作品的能力。
2004年,國內學者文軍提出翻譯能力應包括三個方面:第一,語言/文本能力,(就英漢翻譯而言,則指對英、漢兩種語言的語言知識、語言運用的熟練掌握,還包括對不同的語域與文本的辨析,二者通??珊戏Q為“雙語能力”);第二,策略能力(strategic competence),可簡述為兩對范疇,即:“歸化”與“異化”(domestication & foreignization), 全譯與部分翻譯(full translation & partial translation);第三,自我評估能力(self-monitoring competence)。如果說策略能力可以使譯者確定總體格調及適用對象,語言/文本能力可以使譯者通過轉換進而生成譯本,那么“自我評估能力”則可以幫助譯者譯出得體譯文的反饋機制。
2007年,國內學者苗菊在研究中分別從3個視角將翻譯能力劃分為3個范疇,概括翻譯能力的構成成分。這3個范疇的分類是對翻譯能力系統(tǒng)化、綜合化、級階化、關聯(lián)化的更明確的描述和界定,包括了對翻譯能力整體的宏觀審視和獨立成分的微觀分析。
從以上分析可以看出,不同的劃分方法大同小異,各種理論界定當中有相當一部分是重合的。例如:有的學者認為多元翻譯能力的一個分支能力應該叫做“雙語能力”,而另外的一些學者卻將其稱作“語言能力”;在Neubert與PACTE小組相當完善的劃分下,國內學者認為,仍舊需要補充一些相應的子能力,如審美能力、認知能力等。本文作者在思考各種關于翻譯能力的定義時,理清了當中重合的部分,區(qū)分出不重合的部分,重建了“多元翻譯能力”這一模型內要求的各種分支能力。由以上分析過程可以看出,關于多元翻譯能力的習得與培養(yǎng),反饋在翻譯教學研究中,大致可劃分為三個問題:多元翻譯技術能力應包含哪些分支能力?該能力是否與譯文質量有關?如何在教學中體現(xiàn)該能力?
三、改革建議
通過對傳統(tǒng)翻譯能力的梳理,結合作者對翻譯公司、職業(yè)譯員、項目負責人及北京大學CAT與MTI系任課教師的訪談,可將市場化背景下對多元翻譯能力的要求做分類型的界定。在人本主義關照下,新定義的多元翻譯能力模型將不再以翻譯能力為中心,而是以譯員為中心的,以語言能力為載體的動態(tài)、開放的系統(tǒng)。以語言能力為載體的動態(tài)翻譯模型,不但對譯員能力起到支撐作用,譯員能力的全面發(fā)展又會反哺語言能力?,F(xiàn)代社會需要的是綜合型的翻譯人才,最為看重的是譯者的素質與后期不斷學習新技能與新知識的能力。這種動態(tài)、發(fā)展的能力呈螺旋形上升。
參考北京大學CAT及MTI專業(yè)的課程設置,筆者對高校翻譯相關專業(yè)的課程設置做以下建議,共包括四個部分:CAT課程部分、個人實踐部分、IT類課程部分及語言類課程部分。
高校對于翻譯專業(yè)的學生進行分塊式的、有針對性的訓練,從綜合角度逐步培養(yǎng)學生的翻譯能力,必然會使學生能夠勝任市場化需求下各種不同類型的翻譯工作,處理文本的綜合能力極大提高,以滿足市場對于職業(yè)譯員的要求。
參考文獻: